Subfamily Xylocopinae (bee)
Insecta - Hymenoptera - Apidae
Parent taxon: Apidae according to M. S. Engel 2001
Sister taxa: Apinae, Bombinae, Colletinae, Dasypodinae, Kelnermelia, Meganomiinae, Meliponinae, Melletinae, Plebeia, Pygomelissa
Subtaxa: Boreallodapini, Ceratinini, Xylocopini
Ecology: