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Sirenia (sirenian)

Taxonomy

Sirenia was named by Illiger (1811). It is extant.

It was reranked as the suborder Sirenia by Gray (1850), Gray (1863), Gray (1864), Gray (1866) and Zittel (1925); it was reranked as the order Sirenia by Brandt (1849), Gill (1871), Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Parker and Haswell (1897), Trouessart (1898), Hay (1902), Case (1904), Andrews (1906), Abel (1919), Hay (1930), McKenna (1975), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Takahashi et al. (1986), Domning (1988), Domning (1991), Domning (1996), Domning (1997), Madsen et al. (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Seiffert (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010) and Bajpai et al. (2010).

It was assigned to Natantia by Illiger (1811); to Cetacea by Brandt (1849); to Pinnata by Bonaparte (1850); to Cete by Gray (1850); to Cetacea by Gray (1863), Gray (1864) and Gray (1866); to Educabilia by Gill (1871); to Mutilata by Cope (1889); to Halobioidea by Ameghino (1889); to Eutheria by Flower and Lydekker (1891); to Eutheria by Parker and Haswell (1897); to Monodelphia by Hay (1902); to Subungulata by Zittel (1925); to Ungulata by Hay (1930); to Eutheria by Flower (1883), Carroll (1988) and Nowak (1991); to Paenungulata by Waddell et al. (1999); to Afrotheria by Madsen et al. (2001); to Mammalia by Trouessart (1898), Case (1904), Andrews (1906), Abel (1919), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Takahashi et al. (1986), Domning (1988), Domning (1991), Domning (1997) and Sepkoski (2002); and to Tethytheria by McKenna (1975), Domning (1996), Waddell et al. (2001), Seiffert (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010) and Bajpai et al. (2010).

Subtaxa

Dugongidae (syn. Halicoridae, Halicorida, Halicoroidea), Dugongoidea, Prorastomidae (syn. Prorastomatidae), Prorastomoidea, Protosirenidae, Rhytinidae, Trichechidae (syn. Manatidae, Halicoreae, Halicorea, Manatida, Manatoidea, Trichechoidea, Manatus vulgaris, Manatus aequatorialis)

Sister taxa

Dugongidae (syn. Halicoridae, Halicorida, Halicoroidea), Prorastomidae (syn. Prorastomatidae), Protosirenidae, Rhytinidae, Trichechidae (syn. Manatidae, Halicoreae, Halicorea, Manatida, Manatoidea, Trichechoidea, Manatus vulgaris, Manatus aequatorialis)

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Synonyms

Crassitherium robustum was named by Van Beneden (1871) [Domning (1996, p. 393) states that this taxon is based on a reptile skull and 8 sirenian vertebrae.]. It is a 3D body fossil. It is the type species of Crassitherium.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Domning (1996).
Sirenotherium was named by Paula Couto (1967).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Toledo and Domning (1991) and Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Trichechidae by Paula Couto (1967); to Sirenia by Domning (1982); and to Dugongidae by Toledo (1989).
Trichechiformes was named by Hay (1923). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Sirenia by Simpson (1932), Pascual (1953) and Paula Couto (1967); and to Sirenia by Hay (1923), Hay (1930), Kretzoi (1941), Paula Couto (1956), Pilleri et al. (1989), Vidal (1991) and Sach and Heizmann (2001).
Diopia was named by Rafinesque (1815). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).
Manatina was named by Bonaparte (1837). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Sirenia by Bonaparte (1850).
Anthropocephala was named by Billberg (1827). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).
Manatides was named by Billberg (1827) [Billberg (1827) called Manatides a "Nation". According to Domning (1996).]. It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).
Sireniformia was named by Burmeister (1837). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).
Halobioidea was named by Ameghino (1889). It is extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Ungulata by Ameghino (1889).
Sirenotherium pirabensis was named by Paula Couto (1967). Its type specimen is MNRJ 2.761-V, a tooth, and it is not a trace fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Toledo and Domning (1991), Domning (1996) and Cozzuol (1996).
Manatus inornatus was named by Leidy (1873). It is not a trace fossil.

It was recombined as Trichechus inornatus by Hay (1902) and Trouessart (1904); it was synonymized subjectively with Halitherium antiquum by Allen (1926); it was recombined as Halitherium inornatum by Hay (1930); it was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1932) and Domning (1996).
Crassitherium was named by Van Beneden (1871). Its type is Crassitherium robustum.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Sirenia by Gill (1871); to Halicoridae by Trouessart (1898) and Trouessart (1904); and to Prototheriidae by Kretzoi (1941).
Herbivorae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Sirenia by Domning (1996).

It was assigned to Cetaceae by Gray (1821); and to Cetacea by Bronn (1853).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1811	Sirenia Illiger p. 140
1821	Herbivorae Gray p. 309
1827	Manatides Billberg p. 32
1837	Manatina Bonaparte
1849	Sirenia Brandt p. 1
1850	Manatina Bonaparte p. 1
1850	Sirenia Bonaparte p. 1
1850	Sirenia Gray p. 138
1853	Herbivora Bronn p. 777
1863	Sirenia Gray p. 198
1864	Sirenia Gray p. 247
1866	Sirenia Gray p. 62
1871	Sirenia Gill p. v
1871	Crassitherium Gill p. 92
1871	Crassitherium robustum Van Beneden
1871	Crassitherium Van Beneden p. 171
1871	Crassitherium robustum Van Beneden p. 171
1873	Manatus inornatus Leidy p. 336
1883	Sirenia Flower p. 184
1885	Crassitherium robustum Woodward p. 424
1885	Manatus inornatus Woodward p. 424
1889	Halobioidea Ameghino p. 652
1889	Sirenia Ameghino p. 652
1889	Sirenia Cope p. 874
1891	Sirenia Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1892	Manatus inornatus Lydekker p. 336
1897	Sirenia Parker and Haswell p. 451
1898	Sirenia Trouessart p. 999
1898	Manatus inornatus Trouessart p. 1000
1898	Crassitherium Trouessart p. 1004
1898	Crassitherium robustum Trouessart p. 1004
1902	Sirenia Hay p. 582
1902	Trichechus inornatus Hay p. 583
1904	Sirenia Case p. 55
1904	Trichechus inornatus Trouessart p. 749
1904	Crassitherium Trouessart p. 750
1904	Crassitherium robustum Trouessart p. 750
1906	Sirenia Andrews p. 197
1919	Sirenia Abel p. 832
1923	Trichechiformes Hay p. 109
1925	Sirenia Zittel p. 246
1930	Sirenia Hay p. 653
1930	Trichechiformes Hay p. 655
1930	Halitherium inornatum Hay p. 657
1932	Trichechiformes Simpson p. 423
1941	Crassitherium Kretzoi p. 155
1941	Trichechiformes Kretzoi p. 385
1953	Trichechiformes Pascual p. 167
1956	Trichechiformes Paula Couto p. 106
1967	Trichechiformes Paula Couto p. 346
1967	Sirenotherium Paula Couto p. 347 figs. Fig. 1-3
1967	Sirenotherium pirabensis Paula Couto p. 347 figs. Fig. 1-3
1975	Sirenia McKenna p. 43
1981	Sirenia Thurmond and Jones p. 182
1982	Sirenotherium Domning p. 600
1982	Sirenotherium pirabensis Domning p. 600
1986	Sirenia Takahashi et al. p. 300
1988	Sirenia Carroll
1988	Sirenia Domning p. 399
1989	Trichechiformes Pilleri et al. p. 17
1989	Sirenotherium Toledo p. 5
1991	Sirenia Domning p. 398
1991	Sirenia Nowak
1991	Trichechiformes Vidal p. 6
1996	Sirenia Domning p. 378
1997	Sirenia Domning p. 398
1999	Sirenia Waddell et al. p. cover
2001	Sirenia Madsen et al. p. 610
2001	Trichechiformes Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2001	Sirenia Waddell et al. p. 148
2002	Sirenia Sepkoski, Jr.
2007	Sirenia Seiffert
2010	Sirenia Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 15
2010	Sirenia Bajpai et al. p. 42

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