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Thyreophora

Taxonomy

Thyreophora was named by Nopcsa (1915). It was considered monophyletic by Butler et al. (2008) and Butler and Sullivan (2009) and Paul (2013).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Thyreophora by Sereno (1986), Bakker (1986), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Norman et al. (2004), Weishampel (2004), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008), Butler and Sullivan (2009) and Han et al. (2012).

It was assigned to Orthopoda by Nopcsa (1923); to Orthopoda by Casamiquela (1964); to Neornithischia by Cooper (1985); to Predentata by Bakker (1986); to Genasauria by Sereno (1986), Benton (1990), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Norman et al. (2004), Weishampel (2004), Butler et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008) and Butler and Sullivan (2009); to Ornithischia by Rauhut (2003), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007) and Han et al. (2012); and to Ornithischia by Huene (1948), Norman (1984), de Valais et al. (2003) and Paul (2013).

Subtaxa

Ankylosauria (syn. Palaeoscincus, Palaeoscincus costatus, Cryptosaurus), Apraedentalia, Emausaurus, Scelidosauria, Scelidosauridae, Scelidosaurus, Scutellosaurus, Stegosauria (syn. Stegosaurus longispinus, Chialingosaurus kuani, Wuerhosaurus ordosensis), Stegosauromorpha, Thyreophoroidea

Sister taxa

Armatosauria, Orthopoda (syn. Predentata)

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Synonyms

Lusitanosaurus was named by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Stegosauria by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957); to Iguanodontidae by Kuhn (1964); to Scelidosaurinae by Zhou (1986); and to Scelidosauridae by Ginsburg (1964), Romer (1966), Thulborn (1974), Thulborn (1975), Galton (1985), Carroll (1988) and Dong (2001).
Tatisaurus was named by Simmons (1965). Its type is Tatisaurus oehleri.

It was synonymized subjectively with Scelidosaurus by Lucas (1996); it was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2007) and Irmis and Knoll (2008).

It was assigned to Fabrosauridae by Thulborn (1971); to Hypsilophodontidae by Simmons (1965), Romer (1966), Thulborn (1970), Galton (1972), Thulborn (1972) and Colbert (1981); to Ornithopoda by Zhao (1983); to Heterodontosauridae by Rozhdestvensky (1977) and Battail (1986); to Huayangosaurinae by Dong (1990) and Dong (1992); and to Thyreophora by Norman et al. (2004) and Irmis (2004).
Tatisaurus oehleri was named by Simmons (1965). Its type specimen is FMNH CUP 2088, a mandible, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Tati, Lufeng (CUP), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial horizon in the Lufeng Formation of China. It is the type species of Tatisaurus.

It was recombined as Scelidosaurus oehleri by Lucas (1996); it was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2007), Irmis and Knoll (2008), Butler et al. (2008) and Langer et al. (2010).
Omosaurus hastiger was named by Owen (1877). Its type specimen is BMNH 46321, an osteoderm (pair of dermal spines), and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Great Western Railway cutting, Wootton Bassett (BMNH), which is in a Kimmeridgian marine claystone in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the United Kingdom.

It was recombined as Stegosaurus hastiger by Lydekker (1890); it was recombined as Dacentrurus hastiger by Hennig (1915) and Delair (1973); it was synonymized subjectively with Dacentrurus armatus by Kuhn (1964), Galton (1985), Galton (1990), Galton (1991), Blows (2001) and Galton and Upchurch (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Maidment et al. (2008).
Lusitanosaurus liasicus was named by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957). Its type specimen is MH-NUL ##, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is São Pedro de Muel, Beira Litoral (PROXY), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial limestone in Portugal.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2004).
Taveirosaurus was named by Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell (1991). Its type is Taveirosaurus costai.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Le Loeuff (1998), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001) and Norman et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Homalocephalosauridae by Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell (1991); to Pachycephalosauridae by Antunes and Sigogneau (1992); and to Fabrosauridae by Galton (1996).
Taveirosaurus costai was named by Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell (1991). Its type specimen is CEGUNL-TV 10, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is "Cerâmica do Mondego" quarry, Taveiro, which is in a Maastrichtian fluvial claystone in the Argilas de Aveiro Formation of Portugal. It is the type species of Taveirosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Le Loeuff (1998), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001) and Norman et al. (2004).
Bienosaurus was named by Dong (2001).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Irmis and Knoll (2008).

It was assigned to Scelidosauridae by Dong (2001); and to Thyreophora by Norman et al. (2004).
Bienosaurus lufengensis was named by Dong (2001). Its type specimen is IVPP V9612 and is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Irmis and Knoll (2008) and Langer et al. (2010).
Regnosaurus was named by Mantell (1848).

It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); it was synonymized subjectively with Chondrosteosaurus by McIntosh (1990); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Upchurch (2004), Maidment et al. (2008) and Naish and Martill (2008).

It was assigned to Scelidosauridae by Lydekker (1888) and Lydekker (1888); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Stegosauridae by von Zittel (1911); to Huayangosauridae by Blows (2001); and to Stegosauria by Blows (1998) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001).
Regnosaurus northamptoni was named by Mantell (1848). Its type specimen is BMNH 2422, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Hylaeosaurus northamptoni by Kuhn (1964); it was synonymized subjectively with Chondrosteosaurus gigas by McIntosh (1990); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Upchurch (2004) and Maidment et al. (2008).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1848	Regnosaurus Mantell pp. 198-199
1848	Regnosaurus northamptoni Mantell p. 199
1851	Regnosaurus northamptoni Mantell p. 759
1877	Omosaurus hastiger Owen p. 95 figs. Pl. 23-24
1888	Regnosaurus Lydekker p. 53
1888	Omosaurus hastiger Lydekker p. 179
1888	Regnosaurus Lydekker p. 184
1888	Regnosaurus northamptoni Lydekker p. 184
1890	Stegosaurus hastiger Lydekker p. 252
1890	Omosaurus hastiger Woodward and Sherborn p. 253
1890	Regnosaurus northamptoni Woodward and Sherborn p. 280
1902	Omosaurus hastiger Sauvage p. 408
1909	Regnosaurus Huene p. 17
1911	Regnosaurus von Zittel p. 295
1915	Dacentrurus hastiger Hennig p. 11
1915	Thyreophora Nopcsa p. 13
1923	Thyreophora Nopcsa p. 126
1948	Thyreophora Huene p. 95
1957	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Lapparent and Zbyszewski
1957	Lusitanosaurus Lapparent and Zbyszewski p. 21
1957	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Lapparent and Zbyszewski pp. 47-48
1964	Thyreophora Casamiquela
1964	Lusitanosaurus Ginsburg p. 2367
1964	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Ginsburg p. 2367
1964	Lusitanosaurus Kuhn p. 11
1964	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Kuhn p. 11
1964	Hylaeosaurus northamptoni Kuhn p. 41
1965	Tatisaurus Simmons p. 65
1965	Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons p. 65
1966	Lusitanosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Tatisaurus Romer p. 370
1970	Tatisaurus Thulborn p. 428 fig. 9
1971	Tatisaurus Thulborn p. 77
1972	Tatisaurus Galton p. 465
1972	Tatisaurus Thulborn p. 57
1973	Dacentrurus hastiger Delair p. 6
1974	Lusitanosaurus Thulborn p. 172
1975	Lusitanosaurus Thulborn p. 134
1975	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Thulborn p. 134
1977	Tatisaurus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977	Tatisaurus oehleri Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1981	Tatisaurus Colbert p. 50
1983	Tatisaurus Zhao p. 302
1984	Thyreophora Norman p. 160 fig. 2
1985	Thyreophorina Cooper p. 287
1985	Lusitanosaurus Galton p. 251
1985	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Galton p. 251
1986	Thyreophora Bakker p. 461
1986	Tatisaurus Battail p. 50
1986	Thyreophora Sereno
1986	Lusitanosaurus Zhou p. 35
1988	Lusitanosaurus Carroll
1990	Thyreophora Benton p. 19
1990	Tatisaurus Dong p. 257
1990	Tatisaurus oehleri Dong p. 257
1991	Taveirosaurus Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell p. 116
1991	Taveirosaurus costai Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell p. 116
1992	Taveirosaurus Antunes and Sigogneau p. 56
1992	Taveirosaurus costai Antunes and Sigogneau p. 56
1992	Tatisaurus Dong p. 166
1992	Tatisaurus oehleri Dong p. 166
1996	Taveirosaurus Galton pp. 88-89
1996	Taveirosaurus costai Galton pp. 88-89
1996	Scelidosaurus oehleri Lucas
1997	Thyreophora Sereno p. 443
1998	Regnosaurus Blows p. 33
1998	Regnosaurus northamptoni Blows p. 33
1998	Thyreophora Sereno p. 61
1999	Thyreophora Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2001	Regnosaurus Blows p. 137
2001	Regnosaurus northamptoni Blows p. 137
2001	Bienosaurus Dong p. 238
2001	Bienosaurus lufengensis Dong p. 238 figs. 17.1-17.2
2001	Lusitanosaurus Dong p. 241
2001	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 150
2001	Regnosaurus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 151
2001	Regnosaurus northamptoni Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 151
2003	Regnosaurus northamptoni Pereda Suberbiola et al. p. 147
2003	Thyreophora Rauhut p. 16
2003	Thyreophora de Valais et al. p. 631
2004	Tatisaurus Irmis p. 16
2004	Tatisaurus oehleri Irmis p. 16
2004	Bienosaurus Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Bienosaurus lufengensis Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Tatisaurus Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Tatisaurus oehleri Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Thyreophora Norman et al. p. 342 fig. 15.6
2004	Thyreophora Weishampel p. 323
2007	Thyreophora Butler et al. p. 2044
2007	Thyreophora Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 204
2008	Thyreophora Butler et al. pp. 13-16 figs. 2-4
2008	Regnosaurus northamptoni Naish and Martill p. 615
2009	Thyreophora Butler and Sullivan p. 22
2012	Thyreophora Han et al. p. 1391 fig. 14
2013	Thyreophora Paul

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