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Polacanthus
Taxonomy
Polacanthus was named by Fox (1866) [Name attributed to Owen by the author]. It is the type genus of Polacanthidae. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).
It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983) and Tumanova (1987).
It was assigned to Dinosauria by Fox (1866) and Cope (1870); to Scelidosauria by Seeley (1892); to Scelidosauridae by Huxley (1870), Marsh (1880), Sauvage (1882), Marsh (1884), Marsh (1885), Lydekker (1888), Marsh (1896) and Lucas (1902); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902) and Nopcsa (1915); to Ankylosauridae by Nopcsa (1928), Maleev (1954) and Maleev (1956); to Stegosauridae by von Zittel (1911) and Delair (1973); to Polacanthinae by Carpenter et al. (1996), Kirkland (1998), Blows (2001), Blows (2001) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001); to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Lull (1921), Swinton (1936), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Swinton (1970), Sereno (1986), Blows (1987), Pereda-Suberbiola (1994), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Blows (1996), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (1997), Blows (1998), Coria and Salgado (2001) and Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003); to Polacanthidae by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Kilbourne and Carpenter (2005); and to Ankylosauria by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Gasulla et al. (2011).
It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983) and Tumanova (1987).
It was assigned to Dinosauria by Fox (1866) and Cope (1870); to Scelidosauria by Seeley (1892); to Scelidosauridae by Huxley (1870), Marsh (1880), Sauvage (1882), Marsh (1884), Marsh (1885), Lydekker (1888), Marsh (1896) and Lucas (1902); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902) and Nopcsa (1915); to Ankylosauridae by Nopcsa (1928), Maleev (1954) and Maleev (1956); to Stegosauridae by von Zittel (1911) and Delair (1973); to Polacanthinae by Carpenter et al. (1996), Kirkland (1998), Blows (2001), Blows (2001) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001); to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Lull (1921), Swinton (1936), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Swinton (1970), Sereno (1986), Blows (1987), Pereda-Suberbiola (1994), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Blows (1996), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (1997), Blows (1998), Coria and Salgado (2001) and Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003); to Polacanthidae by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Kilbourne and Carpenter (2005); and to Ankylosauria by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Gasulla et al. (2011).
Sister genera
Aletopelta, Animantarx, Antarctopelta, Edmontonia (syn. Denversaurus, Chassternbergia), Glyptodontopelta, Hungarosaurus, Liaoningosaurus, Niobrarasaurus, Nodosaurus, Panoplosaurus, Pawpawsaurus, Peloroplites, Sarcolestes, Sauropelta, Silvisaurus, Stegopelta, Struthiosaurus (syn. Leipsanosaurus, Pleuropeltus, Rhodanosaurus, Danubiosaurus, Crataeomus, Rhadinosaurus), Syngonosaurus (syn. Syngonosaurus macrocercus), Texasetes, Zhejiangosaurus, Zhongyuansaurus
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Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1866 | Polacanthus Fox p. 56 |
| 1870 | Polyacanthus Cope p. 90 |
| 1870 | Polacanthus Huxley p. 34 |
| 1880 | Polacanthus Marsh |
| 1882 | Polacanthus Sauvage p. 35 |
| 1884 | Polacanthus Marsh p. 68 |
| 1885 | Polacanthus Marsh p. 764 |
| 1888 | Polacanthus Lydekker p. 189 |
| 1892 | Polacanthus Seeley |
| 1896 | Polacanthus Marsh p. 243 |
| 1897 | Euacanthus Owen |
| 1902 | Polacanthus Lucas p. 435 |
| 1902 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 101 |
| 1909 | Polacanthus Huene p. 17 |
| 1911 | Polacanthus Wieland p. 117 |
| 1911 | Polacanthus von Zittel p. 294 |
| 1915 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 13 |
| 1921 | Polacanthus Lull p. 123 |
| 1928 | Polacanthus Nopcsa p. 73 |
| 1936 | Polacanthus Swinton p. 218 |
| 1954 | Polacanthus Maleev |
| 1956 | Polacanthus Maleev |
| 1956 | Polacanthus Romer p. 636 |
| 1964 | Polacanthus Kuhn p. 51 |
| 1966 | Polacanthus Romer p. 370 |
| 1970 | Polacanthus Swinton p. 245 |
| 1973 | Polacanthus Delair p. 6 |
| 1986 | Polacanthus Sereno |
| 1987 | Polacanthus Blows p. 558 |
| 1994 | Polacanthus Pereda-Suberbiola p. 136 |
| 1996 | Polacanthus Blows p. 671 |
| 1996 | Polacanthus Carpenter et al. p. 25A |
| 1996 | Polacanthus Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319 |
| 1997 | Polacanthus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 213 |
| 1998 | Polacanthus Blows p. 32 |
| 1998 | Polacanthus Kirkland p. 273 fig. 3 |
| 2000 | Polacanthus Ford p. 174 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Blows p. 139 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Carpenter p. 457 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Coria and Salgado p. 163 |
| 2001 | Polacanthus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201 |
| 2003 | Polacanthus Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 161 |
| 2004 | Polacanthus Vickaryous et al. p. 367 |
| 2005 | Polacanthus Kilbourne and Carpenter p. 156 |
| 2011 | Polacanthus Gasulla et al. p. 511 |
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