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Ankylosauria

Taxonomy

Ankylosauria was named by Osborn (1923) [Named in text without description.]. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Paul (2013).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Ankylosauria by Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008) and Han et al. (2012).

It was assigned to Enoplosauria by Swinton (1970); to Orbitoscuta by Bakker (1986); to Ankylosauromorpha by Carpenter (2001); to Ornithischia by Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Thulborn (1971), Ostrom (1980), McIntosh (1981), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Russell (1984), Maryanska and Osmólska (1985), Carroll (1988), Dong (1993), Buffetaut (1995), Peng et al. (2001) and Chure et al. (2006); to Thyreophora by de Valais et al. (2003), Weishampel (2004), Parish and Barrett (2004) and Butler et al. (2008); to Eurypoda by Sereno (1986), Benton (1990), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Norman et al. (2004), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Maidment et al. (2006) and Maidment et al. (2008); and to Thyreophora by Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Han et al. (2012) and Paul (2013).

Subtaxa

Ankylosauridae (syn. Syrmosauridae, Heishansaurus), Anoplosaurus, Apulosauripus, Bissektipelta, Cryptosaurus eumerus, Dracopelta, Hylaeosaurus (syn. Vectensia, Hylosaurus), Nodosauridae (syn. Acanthopholidae, Palaeoscincidae, Hylaeosauridae, Acanthopholis horridus), Polacanthidae

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Synonyms

Cryptodraco was named by Lydekker (1889). Its type is Cryptosaurus eumerus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Cryptosaurus by Huene (1909); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000) and Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Iguanodontidae by Lydekker (1889), Romer (1956), Delair (1960), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Thulborn (1970) and Thulborn (1974); and to Nodosauridae by Galton (1980), Galton (1980), Molnar (1984), Carroll (1988), Coombs and Deméré (1996) and Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001).
Palaeoscincus was named by Leidy (1856). Its type is Palaeoscincus costatus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Edmontonia by Blows (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Lacertilia by Leidy (1856); to Sauria by Leidy (1860); to Iguanodontidae by Cope (1870); to Orthopoda by Cope (1877); to Stegosauria by Marsh (1892); to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902); to Stegosauridae by Marsh (1895), Marsh (1896), Lambe (1902), Hay (1902), Lambe (1905), Lambe (1911) and von Zittel (1911); to Edmontoniinae by Russell (1940); to Ankylosauridae by Brown (1908), Huene (1909), Nopcsa (1928), Maleev (1954) and Maleev (1956); and to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Russell (1930), Young (1935), Russell (1935), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Russell (1964), Simmons (1965), Romer (1966), Russell (1984), Tumanova (1987), Carroll (1988) and Coombs (1990).
Priodontognathus was named by Seeley (1875). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Romer (1956); it was synonymized subjectively with Dacentrurus by Kuhn (1964); it was synonymized subjectively with Priodontosaurus by Romer (1966); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000) and Carpenter (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Acanthopholididae by Nopcsa (1902); to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Stegosauridae by von Zittel (1911); and to Nodosauridae by Galton (1980), Galton (1980), Galton (1981), Galton (1983), Galton (1985), Carroll (1988), Barrett (2001) and Naish and Martill (2008).
Sauroplites was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type is Sauroplites scutiger.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Nodosauridae by Bohlin (1953), Romer (1956), Huene (1959), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Ankylosauridae by Maryanska (1977), Coombs (1978), Carroll (1988), Dong (1992), Eberth et al. (1994) and Ford (2000).
Stegosaurides was named by Bohlin (1953) [often spelled Stegosauroides (sic)]. Its type is Stegosaurides excavatus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Acanthopholinae by Huene (1959); to Stegosauridae by Bohlin (1953) and Young (1959); to Nodosauridae by Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Coombs (1978); and to Ankylosauridae by Coombs (1978), Carroll (1988) and Dong (1992).
Priconodon was named by Marsh (1888). Its type is Priconodon crassus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Weishampel (2006).

It was assigned to Omosauridae by Huene (1909); to Stegosauria by Lull (1911); to Stegosaurinae by Romer (1956); to Stegosauridae by Marsh (1895), Marsh (1896), Hay (1902), von Zittel (1911), Lull (1911), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Nodosauridae by Gilmore (1921), Coombs (1978), Carpenter and Kirkland (1998), Lipka (1998) and Carpenter (2001).
Priconodon crassus was named by Marsh (1888). Its type specimen is USNM 2135, a tooth, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Muirkirk, Arundel, which is in an Aptian lacustrine claystone in the Arundel Clay Formation of Maryland. It is the type species of Priconodon.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004) and Weishampel (2006).
Hierosaurus sternbergii was named by Wieland (1909). Its type specimen is YPM 1847, an osteoderm, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Castle Rock-Hackberry (YPM), which is in a Coniacian marine horizon in the Niobrara Formation of Kansas. It is the type species of Hierosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Hierosaurus was named by Wieland (1909). Its type is Hierosaurus sternbergii.

It was synonymized subjectively with Nodosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978) and Tumanova (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Stegosauridae by von Zittel (1911); to Ankylosauridae by Wieland (1909), Nopcsa (1928) and Maleev (1956); and to Nodosauridae by Wieland (1911), Lull (1921), Russell (1930), Young (1935), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Swinton (1970), Carpenter et al. (1995) and Coombs and Deméré (1996).
Palaeoscincus costatus was named by Leidy (1856). Its type specimen is ANSP 9263, a tooth, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Judith River badlands (USGS), which is in a Campanian terrestrial horizon in the Judith River Formation of Montana. It is the type species of Palaeoscincus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Coombs (1990), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Cryptosaurus was named by Seeley (1875). Its type is Cryptosaurus eumerus.

It was replaced with Cryptodraco by Lydekker (1889), Woodward and Sherborn (1890), Lydekker (1904), Romer (1956), Delair (1960), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Galton (1983); it was considered a nomen dubium by Naish and Martill (2008).

It was assigned to Dinosauria by Seeley (1875); and to Camptosauridae by Huene (1909) and von Zittel (1911).
Acanthopholis eucercus was named by Seeley (1869). It is not a trace fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Stegosaurus madagascariensis was named by Piveteau (1926). Its type specimen is MNHN (lost), a set of teeth, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is RN4, Berivotra, which is in a Maastrichtian terrestrial claystone in the Maevarano Formation of Madagascar.

It was synonymized subjectively with Majungatholus atopus by Galton (1981); it was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1990), Norman et al. (2004) and Maidment et al. (2008).
Stegosaurides excavatus was named by Bohlin (1953). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Hui-Hui-P'u (SSE), which is in a Cretaceous terrestrial conglomerate/claystone in China. It is the type species of Stegosaurides.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977) and Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Peishansaurus was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type is Peishansaurus philemys.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Nodosaurinae by Huene (1959); to Nodosauridae by Bohlin (1953), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Ankylosauridae by Coombs (1978) and Dong (1992).
Peishansaurus philemys was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type specimen is IVPP (disintegrated) and is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Ehr-chi-wu-t'ung (SSE), which is in a Campanian/Maastrichtian terrestrial conglomerate/sandstone in the Minhe Formation of China. It is the type species of Peishansaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977), Dong (1992), Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Sauroplites scutiger was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type specimen is PIN and is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Tebch (SSE), which is in a Barremian/Aptian terrestrial sandstone in China. It is the type species of Sauroplites.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Palaeoscincus magoder was named by Hennig (1914).

It was considered a nomen nudum by Coombs (1990).
Polacanthoides was named by Nopcsa (1928). Its type is Polacanthoides ponderosus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus by Coombs (1978), Coombs (1978), Galton (1983), Tumanova (1987) and Blows (1998); it was synonymized subjectively with Polacanthus by Pereda-Suberbiola (1993) and Pereda-Suberbiola (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Blows (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Nopcsa (1928); to Ankylosauridae by Maleev (1956); to Nodosauridae by Swinton (1936), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964) and Romer (1966); and to Polacanthidae by Ford (2000).
Polacanthoides ponderosus was named by Nopcsa (1929). Its type specimen is BMNH 1106, 1107, 2584. It is the type species of Polacanthoides.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hylaeosaurus armatus by Coombs (1978) and Galton (1983); it was synonymized subjectively with Polacanthus foxii by Pereda-Suberbiola (1993) and Pereda-Suberbiola (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Blows (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Syrmosaurus disparoserratus was named by Maleev (1952). Its type specimen is PIN 554/1-2, a maxilla, and it is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Shiregin Gashun (SMPE), which is in a Cenomanian/Turonian terrestrial sandstone in the Baynshiree Formation of Mongolia.

It was recombined as Talarurus disparoserratus by Maryanska (1977); it was recombined as Maleevus disparoserratus by Tumanova (1987), Tumanova (2000) and Ford (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
Maleevus was named by Tumanova (1987).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Ankylosaurinae by Tumanova (1987); to Syrmosaurinae by Ford (2000); and to Ankylosauridae by Tumanova (2000).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1856	Palaeoscincus Leidy p. 72
1856	Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 72
1860	Palaeoscincus Leidy p. 146
1860	Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 146
1869	Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley
1870	Palaeoscincus Cope p. 91
1870	Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 99
1875	Cryptosaurus Seeley p. 149
1875	Priodontognathus Seeley p. 439 figs. Pl. 20
1877	Palaeoscincus Cope p. 572
1877	Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 572
1879	Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley p. 632
1882	Acanthopholis eucercus Sauvage p. 30
1888	Priconodon crassus Marsh
1888	Priconodon Marsh p. 93 figs. 7-9
1888	Priconodon crassus Marsh p. 93 figs. 7-9
1889	Cryptodraco Lydekker pp. 45-46
1890	Acanthopholis eucercus Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1892	Palaeoscincus Marsh
1895	Palaeoscincus Marsh
1895	Priconodon Marsh
1896	Palaeoscincus costatus Marsh p. 225
1896	Palaeoscincus Marsh p. 242
1896	Priconodon Marsh p. 242
1902	Priconodon Hay p. 496
1902	Priconodon crassus Hay p. 496
1902	Palaeoscincus Hay p. 497
1902	Palaeoscincus costatus Hay p. 497
1902	Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 53
1902	Palaeoscincus costatus Lambe p. 53
1902	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 101
1902	Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 101
1902	Acanthopholis eucercus Nopcsa p. 102
1904	Acanthopholis eucercus Lydekker p. 60
1905	Palaeoscincus costatus Lambe p. 23
1905	Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 48
1908	Palaeoscincus Brown
1908	Palaeoscincus costatus Brown
1909	Cryptosaurus Huene p. 16
1909	Palaeoscincus Huene p. 17
1909	Priconodon Huene p. 17
1909	Priodontognathus Huene p. 17
1909	Hierosaurus Wieland
1909	Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland
1909	Hierosaurus Wieland p. 250 figs. 1-7
1909	Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland p. 250 figs. 1-7
1911	Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 9
1911	Priconodon crassus Lull p. 176
1911	Priconodon Lull p. 177
1911	Priconodon crassus Lull p. 207 figs. Pl. 20:5-6
1911	Palaeoscincus costatus Lull p. 208
1911	Hierosaurus Wieland p. 112
1911	Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland pp. 113-118 figs. 1-3
1911	Palaeoscincus Wieland p. 117
1911	Cryptosaurus von Zittel p. 289
1911	Hierosaurus von Zittel p. 294
1911	Palaeoscincus von Zittel p. 294
1911	Priconodon von Zittel p. 294
1911	Priodontognathus von Zittel p. 295
1914	Palaeoscincus magoder Hennig
1918	Palaeoscincus costatus Sternberg p. 89
1921	Palaeoscincus costatus Gilmore p. 588
1921	Priconodon crassus Gilmore p. 588
1921	Priconodon Gilmore p. 589
1921	Hierosaurus Lull p. 123
1921	Hierosaurus sternbergii Lull p. 124
1923	Palaeoscincus costatus Gilmore p. 48
1923	Ankylosauria Osborn p. 3
1926	Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau p. 35
1928	Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 58ff
1928	Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 73
1928	Palaeoscincus costatus Sternberg p. 102
1929	Polacanthoides ponderosus Nopcsa
1930	Hierosaurus Russell p. 138
1930	Hierosaurus sternbergii Russell p. 138
1930	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 140
1930	Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 143
1935	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 117
1935	Hierosaurus Young p. 24
1935	Hierosaurus sternbergi Young p. 24
1935	Palaeoscincus Young p. 24
1936	Polacanthoides Swinton p. 218
1936	Polacanthoides ponderosus Swinton p. 218
1940	Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 3
1940	Hierosaurus sternbergii Russell p. 23
1940	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 27
1952	Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Maleev p. 134
1953	Sauroplites Bohlin p. 19
1953	Sauroplites scutiger Bohlin p. 19
1953	Stegosaurides Bohlin p. 66 fig. 41
1953	Stegosaurides excavatus Bohlin p. 66
1953	Peishansaurus Bohlin p. 67
1953	Peishansaurus philemys Bohlin p. 67 figs. 42; Pl. 1, 9
1954	Palaeoscincus Maleev
1954	Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Maleev pp. 162-163 fig. 15
1956	Hierosaurus Maleev
1956	Palaeoscincus Maleev
1956	Polacanthoides Maleev
1956	Cryptodraco Romer p. 629
1956	Ankylosauria Romer p. 634
1956	Priconodon Romer p. 634
1956	Hierosaurus Romer p. 635
1956	Palaeoscincus Romer p. 636
1956	Peishansaurus Romer p. 636
1956	Polacanthoides Romer p. 636
1956	Sauroplites Romer p. 636
1956	Stegosaurides Romer p. 636
1957	Stegosaurus madagascariensis Lapparent p. 110
1959	Peishansaurus Huene p. 122
1959	Sauroplites Huene p. 122
1959	Stegosaurides Huene p. 122
1959	Stegosaurides Young p. 8
1959	Stegosaurides excavatus Young p. 8
1960	Cryptodraco Delair p. 85
1964	Cryptodraco Kuhn p. 10
1964	Priconodon Kuhn p. 36
1964	Priconodon crassus Kuhn p. 36
1964	Ankylosauria Kuhn p. 39
1964	Syrmosaurus disparoserrata Kuhn p. 39
1964	Acanthopholis eucercus Kuhn p. 40
1964	Hierosaurus Kuhn p. 47
1964	Hierosaurus sternbergii Kuhn p. 47
1964	Palaeoscincus Kuhn p. 49
1964	Palaeoscincus costatus Kuhn p. 49
1964	Palaeoscincus magoder Kuhn p. 49
1964	Peishansaurus Kuhn p. 50
1964	Peishansaurus philemys Kuhn p. 50
1964	Polacanthoides Kuhn p. 50
1964	Polacanthoides ponderosus Kuhn p. 50
1964	Sauroplites Kuhn p. 51
1964	Sauroplites scutiger Kuhn p. 51
1964	Stegosaurides Kuhn p. 52
1964	Stegosaurides excavatus Kuhn p. 52
1964	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 7
1964	Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 10
1965	Palaeoscincus Simmons p. 70
1966	Ankylosauria Romer p. 370
1966	Cryptodraco Romer p. 370
1966	Hierosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Palaeoscincus Romer p. 370
1966	Peishansaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Polacanthoides Romer p. 370
1966	Priconodon Romer p. 370
1966	Sauroplites Romer p. 370
1966	Stegosaurides Romer p. 370
1970	Hierosaurus sternabergii Bodily p. 37
1970	Ankylosauria Swinton p. 117
1970	Hierosaurus Swinton p. 253
1970	Cryptodraco Thulborn p. 430
1971	Ankylosauria Thulborn pp. 77-78 fig. 4
1974	Cryptodraco Thulborn p. 172
1977	Sauroplites Maryanska p. 98
1977	Sauroplites scutiger Maryanska p. 98
1977	Talarurus disparoserratus Maryanska pp. 100-101
1977	Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1978	Stegosaurides Coombs
1978	Peishansaurus Coombs, Jr. p. 144
1978	Priconodon Coombs, Jr. p. 144
1978	Sauroplites Coombs, Jr. p. 144
1978	Stegosaurides Coombs, Jr. p. 144
1980	Cryptodraco Galton p. 79
1980	Priodontognathus Galton p. 487
1980	Cryptodraco Galton p. 831
1980	Priodontognathus Galton p. 831
1980	Ankylosauria Ostrom p. 23
1981	Priodontognathus Galton p. 39
1981	Ankylosauria McIntosh p. 38
1981	Ankylosauria Thurmond and Jones p. 147
1983	Priodontognathus Galton p. 16
1983	Priconodon crassus Galton p. 24
1984	Cryptodraco Molnar p. 154
1984	Palaeoscincus Russell p. 25
1984	Ankylosauria Russell p. 29
1985	Priodontognathus Galton p. 251
1985	Ankylosauria Maryanska and Osmólska p. 139 fig. 1
1986	Ankylosauria Bakker p. 461
1986	Ankylosauria Sereno
1987	Maleevus Tumanova
1987	Maleevus disparoserratus Tumanova
1987	Palaeoscincus Tumanova
1988	Ankylosauria Carroll
1988	Cryptodraco Carroll
1988	Palaeoscincus Carroll
1988	Priodontognathus Carroll
1988	Sauroplites Carroll
1988	Stegosaurides Carroll
1990	Ankylosauria Benton p. 19
1990	Palaeoscincus Coombs, Jr. p. 272
1992	Peishansaurus Dong p. 166
1992	Sauroplites Dong p. 166
1992	Stegosaurides Dong p. 166
1993	Ankylosauria Dong p. 259
1994	Stegosaurides excavatus Dong p. 2098
1994	Sauroplites Eberth et al. p. 2103
1994	Sauroplites scutiger Eberth et al. p. 2103
1995	Ankylosauria Buffetaut
1995	Hierosaurus Carpenter et al. p. 276
1995	Hierosaurus sternbergii Carpenter et al. p. 276
1996	Cryptodraco Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1996	Hierosaurus Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1998	Priconodon Carpenter and Kirkland pp. 254-255
1998	Priconodon crassus Carpenter and Kirkland p. 254
1998	Priconodon Lipka
1998	Priconodon crassus Lipka
1998	Ankylosauria Sereno p. 61
1999	Ankylosauria Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000	Polacanthoides Ford p. 174
2000	Polacanthoides ponderosus Ford p. 174
2000	Maleevus Ford p. 176
2000	Maleevus disparoserratus Ford p. 176
2000	Sauroplites Ford p. 176
2000	Sauroplites scutiger Ford p. 176
2000	Maleevus Tumanova p. 521
2000	Maleevus disparoserratus Tumanova pp. 521-523
2001	Priodontognathus Barrett p. 44
2001	Ankylosauria Carpenter p. 457
2001	Priconodon Carpenter p. 457
2001	Priconodon crassus Carpenter p. 457
2001	Priconodon crassus Carpenter et al. p. 213
2001	Ankylosauria Peng et al. p. 35
2001	Cryptodraco Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201
2003	Ankylosauria de Valais et al. p. 631
2004	Ankylosauria Norman et al. p. 342 fig. 15.6
2004	Ankylosauria Parish and Barrett p. 304
2004	Ankylosauria Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2004	Ankylosauria Weishampel p. 323
2006	Ankylosauria Chure et al. p. 237
2006	Ankylosauria Maidment et al. p. 951 fig. 8
2007	Ankylosauria Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 206
2008	Ankylosauria Butler et al. p. 20 figs. 2-4
2008	Ankylosauria Maidment et al. p. 390 fig. 11
2008	Priodontognathus Naish and Martill p. 615
2009	Priconodon crassus Parsons and Parsons p. 734
2012	Ankylosauria Han et al. p. 1391 fig. 14
2013	Ankylosauria Paul

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