SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=4034 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=4034SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3767SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4034 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Sylvicapra' AND (junior_species='grimmia' OR junior_species='grimmia')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Sylvicapra' AND (species='grimmia' OR species='grimmia') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Sylvicapra' AND (junior_species='grimmia' OR junior_species='grimmia')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Sylvicapra' AND (species='grimmia' OR species='grimmia') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ourebia' AND (junior_species='ourebi' OR junior_species='ourebii')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Ourebia' AND (species='ourebi' OR species='ourebii') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ourebia' AND (junior_species='ourebi' OR junior_species='ourebii')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Ourebia' AND (species='ourebi' OR species='ourebii') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Redunca' AND (junior_species='redunca' OR junior_species='redunca')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Redunca' AND (species='redunca' OR species='redunca') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Redunca' AND (junior_species='redunca' OR junior_species='redunca')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Redunca' AND (species='redunca' OR species='redunca') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Alcelaphus' AND (junior_species='buselaphus' OR junior_species='buselaphus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Alcelaphus' AND (species='buselaphus' OR species='buselaphus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Alcelaphus' AND (junior_species='buselaphus' OR junior_species='buselaphus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Alcelaphus' AND (species='buselaphus' OR species='buselaphus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Eudorcas' AND (junior_species='rufifrons' OR junior_species='rufifrons')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Eudorcas' AND (species='rufifrons' OR species='rufifrons') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Eudorcas' AND (junior_species='rufifrons' OR junior_species='rufifrons')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Eudorcas' AND (species='rufifrons' OR species='rufifrons') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capra' AND (junior_species='aegagrus' OR junior_species='aegagrus')SELECT junior_genus,junior_species FROM itis WHERE senior_genus='' AND senior_species=''SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Capra' AND (species='aegagrus' OR species='aegagrus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capra' AND (junior_species='aegagrus' OR junior_species='aegagrus')SELECT junior_genus,junior_species FROM itis WHERE senior_genus='' AND senior_species=''SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Capra' AND (species='aegagrus' OR species='aegagrus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ovis' AND (junior_species='aries' OR junior_species='aries')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Ovis' AND (species='aries' OR species='aries') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ovis' AND (junior_species='aries' OR junior_species='aries')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Ovis' AND (species='aries' OR species='aries') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bos' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Bos' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Bos' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bos' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Bos' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Canis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Felis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Felis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Felis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Felis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Felis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Cricetomys' AND (junior_species='gambianus' OR junior_species='gambianus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Cricetomys' AND (species='gambianus' OR species='gambianus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Cricetomys' AND (junior_species='gambianus' OR junior_species='gambianus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Cricetomys' AND (species='gambianus' OR species='gambianus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Thryonomys' AND (junior_species='swinderianus' OR junior_species='swinderianus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Thryonomys' AND (species='swinderianus' OR species='swinderianus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Thryonomys' AND (junior_species='swinderianus' OR junior_species='swinderianus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Thryonomys' AND (species='swinderianus' OR species='swinderianus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Anhinga' AND (junior_species='rufa' OR junior_species='rufa')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Anhinga' AND (species='rufa' OR species='rufa') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Anhinga' AND (species='rufa' OR species='rufa')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Anhinga' AND (junior_species='rufa' OR junior_species='rufa')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Anhinga' AND (species='rufa' OR species='rufa') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Anatinae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Anatinae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Anatinae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Anatinae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Anatinae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gallus' AND (junior_species='gallus' OR junior_species='gallus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Gallus' AND (species='gallus' OR species='gallus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Gallus' AND (species='gallus' OR species='gallus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gallus' AND (junior_species='gallus' OR junior_species='gallus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Gallus' AND (species='gallus' OR species='gallus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Numida' AND (junior_species='meleagris' OR junior_species='meleagris')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Numida' AND (species='meleagris' OR species='meleagris') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Numida' AND (species='meleagris' OR species='meleagris')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Numida' AND (junior_species='meleagris' OR junior_species='meleagris')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Numida' AND (species='meleagris' OR species='meleagris') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Streptopelia' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Streptopelia' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Streptopelia' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Streptopelia' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Streptopelia' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Polypterus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Polypterus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Polypterus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Polypterus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Polypterus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mormyridae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Mormyridae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Mormyridae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mormyridae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Mormyridae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gymnarchus' AND (junior_species='niloticus' OR junior_species='niloticus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Gymnarchus' AND (species='niloticus' OR species='niloticus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Gymnarchus' AND (species='niloticus' OR species='niloticus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gymnarchus' AND (junior_species='niloticus' OR junior_species='niloticus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Gymnarchus' AND (species='niloticus' OR species='niloticus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bagridae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Bagridae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Bagridae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bagridae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Bagridae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Auchenoglanis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Auchenoglanis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Auchenoglanis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Auchenoglanis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Auchenoglanis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Clariidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Clariidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Clariidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Clariidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Clariidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Synodontis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Synodontis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Synodontis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Synodontis' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Synodontis' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Lates' AND (junior_species='niloticus' OR junior_species='niloticus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Lates' AND (species='niloticus' OR species='niloticus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Lates' AND (species='niloticus' OR species='niloticus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Lates' AND (junior_species='niloticus' OR junior_species='niloticus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Lates' AND (species='niloticus' OR species='niloticus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Tilapiini' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Tilapiini' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Tilapiini' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Tilapiini' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Tilapiini' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4034 The Ecological Register: Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 5)
Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 5)
Basic information
Sample name: Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 5)

Reference: N. Gestrich and K. C. MacDonald. 2018. On the margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500-1150), Mali. Journal of African Archaeology 16(1):1-30 [ER 3767]
Geography
Country: Mali

State: Mopti


Coordinate: 15° 0' N, 2° 57' W
Coordinate basis: based on nearby landmark

Time interval: Holocene

Section: 3767

Unit number: 5

Unit order: below to above

Max Ma: 0.00095

Min Ma: 0.0008

Age basis: radiocarbon (calibrated)

Geography comments: "Tongo Maaré Diabal (TMD) lies in a narrow strip of flatland between two sheer sandstone escarpments (Bandiagara and Dyoundé), 1 km north of the modern town of Douentza, Mali" (basis of coordinate).
"Seven radiocarbon dates provide a 650 year time span for the excavation’s discrete sequence of building events (horizons)". Horizon 5 ranges from AD 1000-1150.

•
Environment
Lithology: not described

Taphonomic context: human accumulation,settlement

Archaeology: buildings,ceramics,hearths,metal tools,stone tools,other artifacts,other structures

Habitat comments: "Tongo Maaré Diabal is a settlement mound, 9 ha in extent, and approximately 3 to 4.5 m in elevation above the surrounding plain. The site is at a crossroads on land routes connecting Timbuktu and Gao to the Malian interior, as well as north-western Burkina Faso to the Niger Bend. The sequence of archaeological deposits contains five horizons of superimposed earthen buildings. The occupation appears to have been continuous from the site’s foundation to its abandonment".
"In Horizon 5 the northern concession shows the sudden construction of a row of three small mudbrick rooms lining the well-defined middle passageway. Metallurgical activity is still ongoing in the area with a concentration of working slag and burned earth within a room, possibly a forge. The floor deposits contained copious amounts of charcoal and iron objects. The southern structures likewise are modified to form a row of small rooms comparable to those in the north. Overall this is the most significant spatial modification of the area in two centuries. Two technically and visually distinctive pottery traditions occurred at the site from the beginning of its occupation. Large stone grinding basins were found in some rooms, along with frequent finds of hand grinders throughout the sequence, evidencing the processing of grains in and around the buildings".

Methods
Life forms: carnivores,rodents,ungulates,birds,fishes

Sampling methods: quarry,screenwash

Sample size: 413 specimens

Years: 1993, 1995, 1996, 2010

Sampling comments: "In 1993, 1995 and 1996 two 4 x 4 m units were excavated, termed A and B, joined by a 1 x 4 m baulk (C). This area was excavated to a maximum depth of 4 m before reaching sterile soil. A further 4 x 4 m unit (D) located on the western part of the site, was only excavated to a depth of 1.3 m".
"The main exposure of the 2010 excavations was positioned directly adjacent to units A, B and C. An initial 9 x 5 m trench (unit E) was extended to the northwest by a further 7 x 5 m area (unit F) for a total excavated area of 125 m2 (Exposure 1). In these two units, only the uppermost occupation horizon was excavated, 50 to 80 cm below the surface. A 7 x 4 m unit (Exposure 2) was also excavated on the eastern part of the site".

Metadata
Sample number: 4034

Contributor: Benjamin Carter

Enterer: Benjamin Carter

Created: 2022-10-27 13:53:41

Modified: 2023-05-30 02:57:58

Abundance distribution
26 species
6 singletons
total count 413
extrapolated richness: 45.2
Fisher's α: 6.161
geometric series k: 0.8223
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.8300
Shannon's H: 2.2103
Good's u: 0.9856
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
Sylvicapra grimmia213 kg browser-grazer
Ourebia ourebi214 kg grazer-browser
Redunca redunca344 kg grazer
Alcelaphus buselaphus1143 kg grazer-browser
also 2 Alcelaphinae indet.
Eudorcas rufifrons1130 kg
"Gazella rufifrons"
Capra aegagrus hircus1322 kg browser-grazer
"Capra hircus"
Ovis aries341 kg
also 54 Caprinae indet.
Bos sp.18
also 308 Bovidae indet.
Canis sp.133
Felis sp.10
Cricetomys gambianus41.4 kg frugivore-granivore
Thryonomys swinderianus25.2 kg
Anhinga rufa2
"Anhinga melanogaster"; reassigned based on geography
Anatinae indet.1
Gallus gallus domesticus2729.1 g frugivore-granivore
Numida meleagris11.3 kg omnivore
also 20 Phasianoidea indet.
Streptopelia sp.2
also 4 Aves indet.
Polypterus sp.1
Mormyridae indet.1
Gymnarchus niloticus1
Bagridae indet.2
Auchenoglanis sp.2
Clariidae indet.74
Synodontis sp.5
Lates niloticus47
Tilapiini indet.45