SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=4235 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=4235SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3862SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4235 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Canis' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Vulpes' AND (junior_species='alopecoides' OR junior_species='alopecoides')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Vulpes' AND (species='alopecoides' OR species='alopecoides') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Vulpes' AND (species='alopecoides' OR species='alopecoides')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Vulpes' AND (junior_species='alopecoides' OR junior_species='alopecoides')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Vulpes' AND (species='alopecoides' OR species='alopecoides') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pliocrocuta' AND (junior_species='perrieri' OR junior_species='perrierii')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Pliocrocuta' AND (species='perrieri' OR species='perrierii') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Pliocrocuta' AND (species='perrieri' OR species='perrierii')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pliocrocuta' AND (junior_species='perrieri' OR junior_species='perrierii')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Pliocrocuta' AND (species='perrieri' OR species='perrierii') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Megantereon' AND (junior_species='cultridens' OR junior_species='cultridens')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Megantereon' AND (species='cultridens' OR species='cultridens') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Megantereon' AND (species='cultridens' OR species='cultridens')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Megantereon' AND (junior_species='cultridens' OR junior_species='cultridens')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Megantereon' AND (species='cultridens' OR species='cultridens') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mammuthus' AND (junior_species='meridionalis' OR junior_species='meridionalis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mammuthus' AND (junior_species='meridionalis' OR junior_species='meridionalis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='stenonis' OR junior_species='stenonis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Equus' AND (species='stenonis' OR species='stenonis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Equus' AND (species='stenonis' OR species='stenonis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='stenonis' OR junior_species='stenonis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Equus' AND (species='stenonis' OR species='stenonis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Palaeotragus' AND (junior_species='inexspectatus' OR junior_species='inexspectatus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Palaeotragus' AND (species='inexspectatus' OR species='inexspectatus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Palaeotragus' AND (species='inexspectatus' OR species='inexspectatus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Palaeotragus' AND (junior_species='inexspectatus' OR junior_species='inexspectatus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Palaeotragus' AND (species='inexspectatus' OR species='inexspectatus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Eucladoceros' AND (junior_species='ctenoides' OR junior_species='ctenoides')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Eucladoceros' AND (species='ctenoides' OR species='ctenoides') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Eucladoceros' AND (species='ctenoides' OR species='ctenoides')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Eucladoceros' AND (junior_species='ctenoides' OR junior_species='ctenoides')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Eucladoceros' AND (species='ctenoides' OR species='ctenoides') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gazellospira' AND (junior_species='torticornis' OR junior_species='torticornis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Gazellospira' AND (species='torticornis' OR species='torticornis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Gazellospira' AND (species='torticornis' OR species='torticornis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gazellospira' AND (junior_species='torticornis' OR junior_species='torticornis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Gazellospira' AND (species='torticornis' OR species='torticornis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gallogoral' AND (junior_species='meneghinii' OR junior_species='meneghini')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Gallogoral' AND (species='meneghinii' OR species='meneghini') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Gallogoral' AND (species='meneghinii' OR species='meneghini')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Gallogoral' AND (junior_species='meneghinii' OR junior_species='meneghini')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Gallogoral' AND (species='meneghinii' OR species='meneghini') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Apodemus' AND (junior_species='sylvaticus' OR junior_species='sylvaticus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Apodemus' AND (species='sylvaticus' OR species='sylvaticus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Apodemus' AND (species='sylvaticus' OR species='sylvaticus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Apodemus' AND (junior_species='sylvaticus' OR junior_species='sylvaticus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Apodemus' AND (species='sylvaticus' OR species='sylvaticus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mimomys' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Mimomys' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Mimomys' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mimomys' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Mimomys' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Anura' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Anura' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Anura' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Anura' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Anura' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Squamata' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Squamata' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Squamata' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Squamata' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Squamata' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4235 The Ecological Register: Muhkai II (layer 80)
Muhkai II (layer 80)
Basic information
Sample name: Muhkai II (layer 80)

Reference: D. V. Ozherelyev. 2019. The Oldowan site of Muhkai II, layer 80 (northeastern Caucasus): Spatial structure and cultural and chronological attribution of the lithic assemblage. L'anthropologie 123:216-232 [ER 3862]
Geography
Country: Russia


Coordinate: 42.25° N, 47.35° E
Coordinate basis: estimated from map

Formation: Akushinsky

Time interval: Early Pleistocene

Max Ma: 2.1

Min Ma: 1.68

Age basis: zone

Geography comments: "in the present-day valley of the Akusha river", shown as immediately west of Usisha in Inner Dagestan (coordinate estimated based on Fig. 1B)
the entire section has reversed polarity and belongs to the Matuyama Chron and layer 80 is below the Olduvai or Gilsa even, so it is at least 1.68 Ma and at most 2.58 Ma old; a younger maximum of 2.1 Ma is favoured based on vole biochronology

•
Environment
Lithology: siliciclastic (mixed)

Taphonomic context: fluvial deposit,human accumulation

Archaeology: stone tools

Habitat comments: "archaeological finds were recovered in 30 layers at different levels, and osseous mammal remains were also found in four layers"
layer 80 is "within a stratum of loams... Layer 80a consists of pebbles with a sandy-clay fill... Layer 80b is made up of a brownish loam containing large carbonate concretions and crusts"
the deposits are "lacustrine-estuarine and fluvial" and the fossiliferous levels represent "stages where there were open dry areas that were actively used by ancient humans"; most fossils are from a "channel"
the fossils are mostly "in situ" with minimal transport
"No gnawing or root traces were identified" and there was "intensive mammal butchery" based on shattering of the bones, but no cut marks are mentioned
there are 1094 stone artefacts

Methods
Life forms: carnivores,rodents,ungulates,lizards,frogs

Sample size: 206 specimens

Years: 2010 - 2013

Sampling comments: excavations were carried out in 2008 - 2013, but ones weren't found until 2009 and layer 80 wasn't excavated until 2010
27 small vertebrate bones were recovered but counts are not given by Ozherelyev (2019): these include frog bones, lizards, two teeth of Apodemus sylvaticus, and an unspecified plural count of Mimomys sp.
however, Ozherelyev et al. (2016, Quaternary International) give exact counts for the small vertebrates that are used here
this material was described by Sablin et al. (2013, Russian Archaeology 2013, 4, :7-19) but the paper cannot be accessed online

Metadata
Sample number: 4235

Contributor: John Alroy

Enterer: John Alroy

Created: 2023-04-20 09:04:43

Modified: 2023-04-19 23:14:19

Abundance distribution
14 species
1 singleton
total count 206
extrapolated richness: 18.7
Fisher's α: 3.397
geometric series k: 0.7212
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.7990
Shannon's H: 1.9778
Good's u: 0.9952
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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• Map matching samples
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Register
Canis etruscus5
Vulpes alopecoides8
Pliocrocuta perrieri5
Megantereon cultridens2
Mammuthus meridionalis1
"Archidiskodon meridionalis"
Equus (Allohippus) stenonis70
Palaeotragus inexspectatus3
"Palaeotragus priasovicus": see Athanassiou (2014)
Eucladoceros ctenoides51
"Eucladoceros senezensis": see van der Made and Dimitrijevic (2015)
Gazellospira torticornis18
Gallogoral meneghinii18
Apodemus sylvaticus2
Mimomys sp.10
also one indeterminate murid and one other indeterminate rodent
Anura indet.10
Squamata indet.3
"Lacertilia"