SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=4270 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=4270SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3890SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4270 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (junior_species='antiquus' OR junior_species='antiquus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (junior_species='antiquus' OR junior_species='antiquus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bos' AND (junior_species='primigenius' OR junior_species='primigenius')SELECT junior_genus,junior_species FROM itis WHERE senior_genus='' AND senior_species=''SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Bos' AND (species='primigenius' OR species='primigenius') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Bos' AND (species='primigenius' OR species='primigenius')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bos' AND (junior_species='primigenius' OR junior_species='primigenius')SELECT junior_genus,junior_species FROM itis WHERE senior_genus='' AND senior_species=''SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Bos' AND (species='primigenius' OR species='primigenius') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capreolus' AND (junior_species='capreolus' OR junior_species='capreolus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Capreolus' AND (species='capreolus' OR species='capreolus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capreolus' AND (junior_species='capreolus' OR junior_species='capreolus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Capreolus' AND (species='capreolus' OR species='capreolus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Dama' AND (junior_species='dama' OR junior_species='dama')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Dama' AND (species='dama' OR species='dama') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Dama' AND (junior_species='dama' OR junior_species='dama')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Dama' AND (species='dama' OR species='dama') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Cervus' AND (junior_species='elaphus' OR junior_species='elaphus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Cervus' AND (species='elaphus' OR species='elaphus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Cervus' AND (junior_species='elaphus' OR junior_species='elaphus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Cervus' AND (species='elaphus' OR species='elaphus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ursus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Ursus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Ursus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ursus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Ursus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Arvicola' AND (junior_species='amphibius' OR junior_species='amphibius')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Arvicola' AND (species='amphibius' OR species='amphibius') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Arvicola' AND (species='amphibius' OR species='amphibius')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Arvicola' AND (junior_species='amphibius' OR junior_species='amphibius')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Arvicola' AND (species='amphibius' OR species='amphibius') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Microtus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Microtus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Microtus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Microtus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Microtus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Microtus' AND (junior_species='arvalis' OR junior_species='arvalis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Microtus' AND (species='arvalis' OR species='arvalis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Microtus' AND (species='arvalis' OR species='arvalis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Microtus' AND (junior_species='arvalis' OR junior_species='arvalis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Microtus' AND (species='arvalis' OR species='arvalis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Emys' AND (junior_species='orbicularis' OR junior_species='orbicularis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Emys' AND (species='orbicularis' OR species='orbicularis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Emys' AND (species='orbicularis' OR species='orbicularis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Emys' AND (junior_species='orbicularis' OR junior_species='orbicularis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Emys' AND (species='orbicularis' OR species='orbicularis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hierophis' AND (junior_species='viridiflavus' OR junior_species='viridiflavus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Hierophis' AND (species='viridiflavus' OR species='viridiflavus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Hierophis' AND (species='viridiflavus' OR species='viridiflavus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hierophis' AND (junior_species='viridiflavus' OR junior_species='viridiflavus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Hierophis' AND (species='viridiflavus' OR species='viridiflavus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4270 The Ecological Register: Poggetti Vecchi
Poggetti Vecchi
Basic information
Sample name: Poggetti Vecchi

Reference: B. Aranguren, S. Grimaldi, M. Benvenuti, C. Capalbo, F. Cavanna, F. Cavulli, F. Ciani, G. Comencini, C. Giuliani, G. Grandinetti, M. M. Lippi, F. Masini, P. P. A. Mazza, P. Pallecchi, F. Santaniello, A. Savorelli, and A. Revedin. 2019. Poggetti Vecchi (Tuscany, Italy): A late Middle Pleistocene case of human-elephant interaction. Journal of Human Evolution 133:32-60 [ER 3890]
Geography
Country: Italy

State: Tuscany


Coordinate: 42.819077° N, 11.072105° E
Coordinate basis: estimated from map

Time interval: Middle Pleistocene

Section: U2

Unit number: 2

Unit order: below to above

Max Ma: 0.171

Min Ma: 0.17

Age basis: U/Th

Geography comments: Located near Grosseto, southern Tuscany, Poggetti Vecchi is situated in a "shallow embayment that was infilled with sediments through time"

The site is located above a thermal spring

The U/Th age of 171 +/- 3 ka was obtained from Unit 4 pisoliths

ESR/U-series age of 170 +/- 13 ka was obtained from the left lower molar of B. primigenius from Unit 4

This "places the Poggetti Vecchi succession between the latest MIS 7 interglacial and the optimum of the MIS 6 glacial"

•
Environment
Lithology: claystone

Taphonomic context: fissure fill,fluvial deposit,human accumulation,lake deposit

Archaeology: bone tools,stone tools

Habitat comments: The bones of unit 2 are "entombed in dark clay sediments...juxtaposed with little or no sediment in between them"

Based on archaeological evidence, hominins "cannot be blamed for the death of the Poggetti Vecchi elephants"

It is more likely the proboscideans died from some "catastrophic event". Evidence does not point toward a flood, with the more "plausible" scenario being the effects of a "very intense cold snap"

The distribution and makeup of elephant remains may be the result of "hominin sorting"

Scratching and sharp-edge breakage is suggestive of trampling by passer-by animals, perhaps other elephants

The lack of carnivore remains/markings suggest that they may not have reached the carcasses

Remains of aurochs, red deer, and roe deer might be in secondary context, "transported by seasonal water flows"

An array of wooden tools were also found at the side with clear signs of manufacturing

Methods
Life forms: carnivores,rodents,ungulates,birds,snakes,turtles

Sampling methods: quarry

Sample size: 560 specimens

Years: 2012

Sampling comments: Discovered during excavation work for the construction of a thermal pool

A rescue excavation was conducted by the Soprintendenza Archeologia della Toscana

"Excavations with stratigraphic control were carried out in an approximately 60m2 residual portion of the area"

A total of 747 vertebrate specimens were found in U2


Metadata
Sample number: 4270

Contributor: Jack Nesbitt

Enterer: Jack Nesbitt

Created: 2023-05-17 13:33:55

Modified: 2023-05-17 03:55:22

Abundance distribution
12 species
3 singletons
total count 560
extrapolated richness: 20.2
Fisher's α: 2.157
geometric series k: 0.5969
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.6455
Shannon's H: 1.3286
Good's u: 0.9947
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
Palaeoloxodon antiquus292
Bos primigenius142
Capreolus capreolus1222 kg browser
Dama dama162 kg
Cervus elaphus39104 kg
Ursus sp.2
"Ursus deningeri-spelaeus"
Arvicola amphibius62
Microtus (Terricola) sp.2
"Terricola sp."
Microtus cf. arvalis1
Aves indet.2
Emys orbicularis4
Hierophis viridiflavus1