SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=4281 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=4281SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3894SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4281 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mammuthus' AND (junior_species='meridionalis' OR junior_species='meridionalis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mammuthus' AND (junior_species='meridionalis' OR junior_species='meridionalis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='altidens' OR junior_species='altidens')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Equus' AND (species='altidens' OR species='altidens') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Equus' AND (species='altidens' OR species='altidens')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='altidens' OR junior_species='altidens')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Equus' AND (species='altidens' OR species='altidens') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hippopotamus' AND (junior_species='antiquus' OR junior_species='antiquus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Hippopotamus' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Hippopotamus' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hippopotamus' AND (junior_species='antiquus' OR junior_species='antiquus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Hippopotamus' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bison' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Bison' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Bison' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bison' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Bison' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Soergelia' AND (junior_species='minor' OR junior_species='minor')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Soergelia' AND (species='minor' OR species='minor') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Soergelia' AND (species='minor' OR species='minor')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Soergelia' AND (junior_species='minor' OR junior_species='minor')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Soergelia' AND (species='minor' OR species='minor') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capra' AND (junior_species='alba' OR junior_species='alba')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Capra' AND (species='alba' OR species='alba') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Capra' AND (species='alba' OR species='alba')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capra' AND (junior_species='alba' OR junior_species='alba')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Capra' AND (species='alba' OR species='alba') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Praemegaceros' AND (junior_species='verticornis' OR junior_species='verticornis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Praemegaceros' AND (species='verticornis' OR species='verticornis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Praemegaceros' AND (species='verticornis' OR species='verticornis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Praemegaceros' AND (junior_species='verticornis' OR junior_species='verticornis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Praemegaceros' AND (species='verticornis' OR species='verticornis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Metacervoceros' AND (junior_species='rhenanus' OR junior_species='rhenanus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Metacervoceros' AND (species='rhenanus' OR species='rhenanus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Metacervoceros' AND (species='rhenanus' OR species='rhenanus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Metacervoceros' AND (junior_species='rhenanus' OR junior_species='rhenanus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Metacervoceros' AND (species='rhenanus' OR species='rhenanus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='mosbachensis' OR junior_species='mosbachensis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='mosbachensis' OR species='mosbachensis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Canis' AND (species='mosbachensis' OR species='mosbachensis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='mosbachensis' OR junior_species='mosbachensis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='mosbachensis' OR species='mosbachensis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='lycanoides' OR junior_species='lycanoides')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='lycanoides' OR species='lycanoides') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Canis' AND (species='lycanoides' OR species='lycanoides')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='lycanoides' OR junior_species='lycanoides')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='lycanoides' OR species='lycanoides') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Vulpes' AND (junior_species='alopecoides' OR junior_species='alopecoides')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Vulpes' AND (species='alopecoides' OR species='alopecoides') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Vulpes' AND (species='alopecoides' OR species='alopecoides')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Vulpes' AND (junior_species='alopecoides' OR junior_species='alopecoides')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Vulpes' AND (species='alopecoides' OR species='alopecoides') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (junior_species='brevirostris' OR junior_species='brevirostris')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (species='brevirostris' OR species='brevirostris') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (species='brevirostris' OR species='brevirostris')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (junior_species='brevirostris' OR junior_species='brevirostris')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (species='brevirostris' OR species='brevirostris') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Homotherium' AND (junior_species='latidens' OR junior_species='latidens')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Homotherium' AND (species='latidens' OR species='latidens') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Homotherium' AND (species='latidens' OR species='latidens')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Homotherium' AND (junior_species='latidens' OR junior_species='latidens')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Homotherium' AND (species='latidens' OR species='latidens') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ursus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Ursus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Ursus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ursus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Ursus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Lagomorpha' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Lagomorpha' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Lagomorpha' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Lagomorpha' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Lagomorpha' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Testudines' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Testudines' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Testudines' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Testudines' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Testudines' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4281 The Ecological Register: Venta Micena 4-I
Venta Micena 4-I
Basic information
Sample name: Venta Micena 4-I

Sample aka: VM4-I

Reference: J. Yravedra, C. Luzon, J. A. Solano, G. J. Linares-Matas, V. Estaca-Gomez, J. J. Rodriguez-Alba, L. A. Courtenay, D. Herranz-Rodrigo, A. Serrano-Ramos, J. Camara, J. Saarinen, C. Sanchez-Bandera, H. A. Blain, S. Viranta-Kovanen, D. DeMiguel, B. Azanza, O. Oms, J. Agusti, M. Fortelius, and J. M. J. Arenas. 2023. To den or not to den. Contributions to the taphonomic history of the Early Pleistocene site of Venta Micena 4 (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin). Quaternary Science Reviews 308(108031):1-22 [ER 3894]
Geography
Country: Spain

State: Granada


Coordinate: 37.732952° N, -2.404772° W
Coordinate basis: estimated from map

Time interval: Early Pleistocene

Section: VM4-I

Unit order: below to above

Max Ma: 1.6

Min Ma: 1.37

Age basis: ESR

Geography comments: Venta Micena (VM) is located in the Guadix-Baza Basin near Orce in southeastern Spain

Unit C, which VM4-I falls into has been dating using combined U-Th/ESR dating methods to a mean age of 1.37 +/- 0.25 Ma and has been refined/extended based on biochronology up to ~1.6 Ma

•
Environment
Lithology: limestone

Taphonomic context: carnivore accumulation,lake deposit

Habitat comments: "VM4 would have been located near the edge of a lacustrine environment centered around the relatively large and saline endorheic Baza lake"

VM4-I is situated below VM4II in Interval C1 of Venta Micena's Unit C within micritic limestone of palustrine and lacustrine origin

Tooth marks are present on 4.4% of well-preserved bones at VM4-I with only 5% of marked bones exhibiting >5 tooth marks per bone

Weathering alterations are scarce, implying low levels of subaerial exposure

Evidenced by tooth marks, bone breakage patterns, and other taphonomic evidence it is probable that VM4 represents an open-air site where "multiple carnivores interacted with herbivore carcasses", mainly felids, hyaenids, and possibly canids

The assemblage is not thought to be accumulated as the result of activity by one particular taxon, but rather through the input of "multiple agents"

Taphonomic research is still ongoing as is the debate on accumulation at Venta Micena 4

Methods
Life forms: carnivores,ungulates,other small mammals,birds,turtles

Sampling methods: quarry

Sample size: 368 specimens

Sampling comments: 39 m squared has been excavated over seven field seasons: 2005, 2013-15, and 2017-19

VM4-I consists of 1732 faunal remains

Counts excluded:
Cervidae
Bovidae - 23
Canidae - 13
Felidae - 4
Carnivora - 12

Metadata
Sample number: 4281

Contributor: Jack Nesbitt

Enterer: Jack Nesbitt

Created: 2023-05-23 16:39:16

Modified: 2023-05-24 00:44:42

Abundance distribution
18 species
1 singleton
total count 368
extrapolated richness: 21.9
Fisher's α: 3.963
geometric series k: 0.7524
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.8394
Shannon's H: 2.2899
Good's u: 0.9973
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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• Map matching samples
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Register
Mammuthus meridionalis3
Stephanorhinus etruscus13
Equus altidens126
Hippopotamus antiquus17
Bison sp.20
Soergelia minor8
Capra alba16
Praemegaceros verticornis39
Metacervoceros rhenanus33
Canis mosbachensis7
Canis (Xenocyon) lycanoides13
"Xenocyon (= Lycaon) lycaonoides"
Vulpes alopecoides2
Pachycrocuta brevirostris16
Homotherium latidens1
Ursus etruscus4
Lagomorpha indet.7
Testudines indet.38
Aves indet.5