Xiaoenda
Basic information
Sample name: Xiaoenda
Reference: Z. Zhang, Z. Chen, F. Marshall, H. Lü, X. Lemoine, T. Wangyal, T. Dorje, and X. Liu. 2019. The importance of localized hunting of diverse animals to early inhabitants of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau at the Neolithic site of Xiaoenda. Quaternary International 529:38-46 [ER 3370]
Geography
Country: China
State: Tibet
Coordinate: 31° 5' N, 97° 10' E
Coordinate basis: estimated from map
Time interval: Holocene
Max Ma: 0.004245
Min Ma: 0.003825
Age basis: radiocarbon (uncalibrated)
Geography comments: "Xiaoenda lies at an elevation of 3140 m a.s.l. and sits on the eastern bank of the Ang-Qu River—a tributary to the Lancang River"
It is "located only 14 km to the northwest of the Karuo site, which is situated on the western side of the Lancang river"
The coordinates were estimated from map, using the Karuo site coordinates as a reference point
"Direct AMS radiocarbon measurements" for the site were obtained from "eight medium and medium-small sized mammalian long-bone fragments"
"From these... we infer that Xiaoenda was occupied between 4900 and 4200 cal. BP."
It is "located only 14 km to the northwest of the Karuo site, which is situated on the western side of the Lancang river"
The coordinates were estimated from map, using the Karuo site coordinates as a reference point
"Direct AMS radiocarbon measurements" for the site were obtained from "eight medium and medium-small sized mammalian long-bone fragments"
"From these... we infer that Xiaoenda was occupied between 4900 and 4200 cal. BP."
Environment
Lithology: not described
Taphonomic context: human accumulation
Archaeology: bone tools,buildings,ceramics,other artifacts
Habitat comments: "Excavation districts or trench sampling areas were distributed on both the north and south sides of a local road"
No evidence that "the two districts belong to different periods"... therefore, both are treated as "one single component"
"Rectangular semi-subterranean household features, as well as ceramics, bone tools, and lithics retrieved within house-like structures" were uncovered
Also found "charred grains of broomcorn and foxtail millet"
No evidence that "the two districts belong to different periods"... therefore, both are treated as "one single component"
"Rectangular semi-subterranean household features, as well as ceramics, bone tools, and lithics retrieved within house-like structures" were uncovered
Also found "charred grains of broomcorn and foxtail millet"
Methods
Life forms: carnivores,primates,rodents,ungulates,other small mammals
Sampling methods: quarry,screenwash
Sample size: 305 specimens
Sampling comments: "Excavations were conducted over two different periods... in 1986 and again in 2012"
"During the most recent excavations, an area of 170 m2 was uncovered"
"The faunal assemblage totalling 7314 specimens was recovered during the most recent excavations in 2012"
"Mammal, bird, and fish bones were collected by hand and recovered from screens. All trenches excavated were screened using a double layered screen with 3 mm and 5 mm mesh"
"During the most recent excavations, an area of 170 m2 was uncovered"
"The faunal assemblage totalling 7314 specimens was recovered during the most recent excavations in 2012"
"Mammal, bird, and fish bones were collected by hand and recovered from screens. All trenches excavated were screened using a double layered screen with 3 mm and 5 mm mesh"
Metadata
Sample number: 3734
Contributor: Benjamin Carter
Enterer: Benjamin Carter
Created: 2021-05-16 12:45:09
Modified: 2023-02-25 11:04:51
Abundance distribution
12 species
3 singletons
total count 305
geometric series index: 19.8
Fisher's α: 2.492
geometric series k: 0.6221
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.5561
Shannon's H: 1.1747
Good's u: 0.9902
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
| Cercopithecidae indet. | 1 | |
| Vulpes sp. | 8 | |
| also 8 Canidae indet. and 13 Carnivora indet. | ||
| Sus sp. | 5 | |
| Moschidae indet. | 185 | |
| Capreolus pygargus | 82 | |
| "Capreolus capreolus": also 124 Cervidae indet. | ||
| Pseudois nayaur | 2 | 33 kg grazer-browser |
| Naemorhedus goral | 1 | 25 kg |
| Hemitragus jemlahicus | 1 | |
| Ovis sp. | 3 | |
| also 41 Bovidae indet. and 231 Artiodactyla indet. | ||
| Marmota himalayana | 7 | |
| also 1 Sciuridae indet. and 7 Rodentia indet. | ||
| Ochotonidae indet. | 6 | |
| Lepus oiostolus | 4 | 2.3 kg |