El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian)
Basic information
Sample name: El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian)
Reference: R. Yeshurun, G. Bar-Oz, and M. Weinstein-Evron. 2014. Intensification and sedentism in the terminal Pleistocene Natufian sequence of el-Wad Terrace (Israel). Journal of Human Evolution 70:16-35 [ER 3791]
Geography
Country: Israel
Coordinate: 32° 40' 12" N, 34° 57' 55" E
Coordinate basis: based on nearby landmark
Time interval: Late Pleistocene
Section: 3791
Unit number: 2
Unit order: below to above
Max Ma: 0.013
Min Ma: 0.0117
Geography comments: coordinate based on Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve, which includes the cave
there are 13 radiocarbon dates for the lower unit that range from "ca. 15,000-13,000 years BP" (calibrated)
the upper unit is undated, but the Late Natufian ends just at the end of the Pleistocene at 11,700 years BP
there are 13 radiocarbon dates for the lower unit that range from "ca. 15,000-13,000 years BP" (calibrated)
the upper unit is undated, but the Late Natufian ends just at the end of the Pleistocene at 11,700 years BP
Environment
Lithology: not described
Taphonomic context: cave,human accumulation
Archaeology: bone tools,stone tools,other structures
Habitat comments: "Structures, burials and a high density of finds, specifically chipped lithic and groundstone tools, bone tools, bone and shell ornaments, ochre and a rich faunal assemblage were retrieved"
the assemblage accumulated through discarding of bones by humans
there are burials in both the Early and Late Natufian layers, but there are only structures in the Early Natufian
the assemblage accumulated through discarding of bones by humans
there are burials in both the Early and Late Natufian layers, but there are only structures in the Early Natufian
Methods
Life forms: carnivores,ungulates,other small mammals,birds,lizards,snakes,turtles
Sampling methods: quarry
Sample size: 1555 specimens
Metadata
Sample number: 4122
Contributor: John Alroy
Enterer: John Alroy
Created: 2023-02-24 17:42:41
Modified: 2023-05-30 05:29:09
Abundance distribution
16 species
3 singletons
total count 1555
extrapolated richness: 23.3
Fisher's α: 2.484
geometric series k: 0.6386
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.6357
Shannon's H: 1.3106
Good's u: 0.9981
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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| Gazella gazella | 300 | 21 kg |
| Capreolus capreolus | 1 | 22 kg browser |
| Dama dama mesopotamica | 3 | 62 kg |
| "Dama mesopotamica" | ||
| Sus scrofa | 6 | 54 kg herbivore |
| Bos primigenius | 7 | |
| Lepus capensis | 30 | |
| Vulpes vulpes | 43 | 5.3 kg carnivore-insectivore |
| Martes foina | 6 | 1.3 kg carnivore-frugivore |
| Felis sp. | 3 | |
| Meles meles | 2 | 11 kg invertivore-herbivore |
| Alectoris chukar | 5 | 541 g omnivore |
| "Alectoris chuckar" | ||
| Falconiformes indet. medium | 1 | |
| Strigiformes indet. | 1 | |
| Testudo graeca | 303 | |
| Ophisaurus apodus | 10 | |
| plus 94 "lizard" | ||
| Serpentes indet. | 834 | |
Current reference:
Huckleberry et al. 2001 (ER 3215)