Mass: 104 kg based on López-Olvera et al. 2013

Abundance: 0.04 to 71.43% (median 6.82%)

Latitudinal range: -40.5° to 59.9°

Habitats: (185), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (5), temperate coniferous forest (1), temperate savanna (1)

Biogeographic distribution: Palearctic, Central Asia, Europe, Southwest Asia

Found in 192 samples

Argentina: Meliquina Valley

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4), Godedzor Level II C, Godedzor Level II B, Godedzor Level II A

Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe

Bulgaria: Redaka II

China: Dazhushan, Zongri type-site (Layer 1), Zongri type-site (Layer 2), Zongri type-site (Layer 3), Zongri type-site (Layer 4), Yujiagou (Layer 4), Zhoujiazhuang, Shuangta, Muzhuzhuliang, Huoshiliang

Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park, Mujina Pecina (Level B), Mujina Pecina (Level C), Mujina Pecina (Level D1), Mujina Pecina (Level D2)

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools), Mullerup (waste), Mullerup (unidentified), Smakkerup Huse

France: Côte d’Or, Grotte du Bison (Level I), Mas d'Azil, Les Auzières 2, Les Canalettes (Layer 2), Les Canalettes (Layer 3), Les Canalettes (Layer 4), Noisetier Cave, Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Layer 22), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D), Vergisson II, Romain-la-Roche, Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17), Payre (ensemble G), Payre (ensemble F), Payre (ensemble D), Orgnac 3 (level 1), Les Pradelles (level 9), Les Pradelles (level 10), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1), Soucy 1

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (late Middle Paleolithic), Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic), Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B)

Germany: Havelland, Schöningen 13 II-4

Greece: Lakonis Cave I (hearth complex), Lakonis Cave I (lower bone breccia)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle

Iran: Wezmeh Cave, Golestan National Park, Kobeh Cave, Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave

Israel: Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit), Yiftah'el, Marj Rabba, Revadim Quarry, Revadim Quarry Area B, Qesem Cave Hearth unit, Qesem Cave LSBS, Ein Gev I, Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Cava Muracci, Riparo Biarzo (SU 5), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8), Mondeval de Sora (SU 31), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C1), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer A), La Sassa Cave, Casal Selce 2, Poggetti Vecchi, Isernia La Pineta (3 colluvio level), Capalbiaccio (Building J, Level III), Grotta Cucgiliana, Casal de'Pazzi

Jordan: Wadi Taiyiba (WT6), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1a), Begash (Phase 1b), Begash (Phase 2), Begash (Phase 3a), Begash (Phase 3b), Begash (Phase 4)

Lebanon: Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E)

Montenegro: Trlica (Bed 10), Trlica (Bed 5)

North Korea: Chongphadae Cave

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 4), Raj Cave (layer 6), Borsuka Cave (Layer III), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age)

Portugal: Picareiro Cave (Layer D), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Top), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Middle), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Lower), Picareiro Cave (Layer F), Picareiro Cave (Layer G), Torre Velha, Vale do Mouro (Stage 3), Foz do Enxarrique, Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C)

Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages)

Russia: Geographical Society Cave, Bugul'deika II Layer II-2, Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3A), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3B), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 6 (1998–1999 pit), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase)

Spain: Abric Romaní (Level Ja), Abric Romaní (Level Jb), Jou Puerta, El Horno Cave (Level 1), El Horno Cave (Level 2), Imanolen Arrobia, Cueva del Angel, El Mirador Cave, Cueva de Nerja (Last Glacial Maximum), Cueva de Nerja (Tardiglacial), Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Azilian), El Mirón Cave (Final Magdalenian), El Mirón Cave (Upper Magdalenian), El Mirón Cave (Middle Magdalenian), La Fragua Cave (Level 1), La Fragua Cave (Level 2), La Fragua Cave (Level 3), La Fragua Cave (Level 4), El Cierro Cave (Level B), El Cierro Cave (Level C), El Cierro Cave (Level C/D), El Cierro Cave (Level D), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3), Punta Lucero Quarry, Bolomor Cave (Level XI), Bolomor Cave (Level XVIIc), Bolomor Cave (Level XII), Bolomor Cave (Level IV), Barranc de la Boella (La Mina 2), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 1), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 2), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 3), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 4), Punta Lucero III (Level F), Ambrona (AS1), Gran Dolina (TD6.3)

Turkey: Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure D), Ulucak Höyük (Level V), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV), Direkli Cave

Ukraine: Prolom II, Mirnoe, Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4, Medzhibozh 1 (horizon 16a)

United Kingdom: Balderton Sand and Gravel

Uzbekistan: Kara-tepe

♀ body mass	85900 kg	N = 38	López-Olvera et al. 2013
♀ body mass	94200 kg	N = 11	López-Olvera et al. 2013
♂ body mass	119000 kg	N = 21	López-Olvera et al. 2013
♂ body mass	143800 kg	N = 18	López-Olvera et al. 2013

See also Cervus, Cervus albirostris, Cervus canadensis, Cervus duvaucelii, Cervus eldii, Cervus fengqii, Cervus grayi, Cervus hanglu, Cervus nippon, Cervus philisi, Cervus phillisi, Cervus s.l. nestii vallonnetensis, Cervus sp., Cervus sp. 1, Cervus sp. 2, Cervus spp., Cervus unicolor, Cervus yunnanensis