Abundance: 0.02 to 47.92% (median 1.14%)

Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 72.8°

Habitats: (206), Mediterranean woodland (4), boreal forest/taiga (3), desert/xeric shrubland (8), montane grassland (7), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (33), temperate coniferous forest (4), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (5), tropical/subtropical savanna (2), tundra (1)

Found in 275 samples

Afghanistan: Nuristan Province

Algeria: Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA1) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA2) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA3) (Holocene)

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene), Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene)

Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve

Bhutan: Lamai Goempa Research Preserve

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II (Late Pleistocene)

Canada: Lindsay, Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV) (Holocene), Learmonth Site (Holocene), Peale Point House 2 (1) (Holocene), Keffer (Midden 57, screened) (Holocene), Irving-Johnston (Holocene), Atkinson (Holocene), Cactus Flower (Holocene), Winefred Lake, St. Brieux (winter 2011), St. Brieux (spring 2012), Roussillon, Québec, Algar

China: Altun Mountains, Gouli Region, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Xiaoenda (Holocene), Gezishan Locality 10 (Fourth layer) (Late Pleistocene), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Yujiagou (Layer 3B) (Late Pleistocene), Taosi (Holocene), Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene), Shuidonggou Locality 7 (Late Pleistocene)

Denmark: Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

France: Côte d’Or, Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I) (Late Pleistocene), Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Layer 22) (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Bois-de-Riquet (Locus 1) (Early Pleistocene), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D) (Middle Pleistocene), Saint-Vallier (LD3) (Late Pliocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 10) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Havelland, Lower Oder Valley, Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

India: Akole Tahsil, Dachigam National Park, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (good habitat area), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Cathedral Cave (MIS 5) (Late Pleistocene)

Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Kobeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound) (Holocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound) (Holocene)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Motza (Early PPNB) (Holocene), Motza (Middle PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PN) (Holocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), Ubeidiya (Layer II-23) (Early Pleistocene), Ein Gev I (Late Pleistocene), Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2) (Middle Pleistocene)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5) (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B) (Holocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I) (Late Pleistocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B) (Late Pleistocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Contrada Castro (Period B) (Holocene), Casal Selce 2 (Middle Pleistocene), Pirro Nord 13 (Early Pleistocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene), Pantalla (Early Pleistocene)

Japan: Mt. Ohdaigahara (eastern area), Fujiyoshida City, Obihiro (wildlife overpass)

Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene), Ayn Qasiyya (Area A) (Late Pleistocene)

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)

Kyrgyzstan: SaryChat Ertash Zapovednik (ridge), Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)

Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring), Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E) (Late Pleistocene)

Lesotho: Sehonghong (ALP) (Holocene)

Mongolia: Zaraa Uul (Locus 2) (Holocene), Zaraa Uul (Locus 3) (Holocene)

Morocco: Gazelle Cave (lower level) (Late Pleistocene), Gazelle Cave (upper level) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L s1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 2) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 3) (Pleistocene - Holocene)

Namibia: Waterberg Plateau Park (surrounding flatlands), Waterberg Plateau Park

Oman: Southwest Dhofar Mountains

Pakistan: Khunjerab National Park

Poland: Borsuka Cave (Layer VI) (Late Pleistocene), Raj Cave (layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Borsuka Cave (Layer II) (Holocene), Zabia Cave (Layer 17) (Early Pleistocene)

Portugal: Foz do Enxarrique (Late Pleistocene), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)

Romania: Southern Transylvania

Russia: Svetly (layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Zapovednaya (Late Pleistocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2) (Holocene), Bol'shoj Naryn (Paleosol Layers) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 2) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 5) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 6) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 7) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 8) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 9) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 10) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 11) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 12) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 1) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 1) (Holocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 2) (Holocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 3) (Holocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 4) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998-1999 pit) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 6 (1998-1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Byzovaya (Late Pleistocene), Muhkai II (layer 80) (Early Pleistocene), Chernyshevskaya-III Cave (layer 3) (Holocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene)

Saudi Arabia: Ti's al Ghadah (Middle Pleistocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

South Africa: Equus Cave (Unit 1A) (Holocene), Equus Cave (Unit 1B) (Late Pleistocene), Table Mountain National Park, Boegoeberg 1 (Late Pleistocene), Plovers Lake (Late Pleistocene), Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Post HP) (Late Pleistocene), Equus Cave (Unit 2A) (Late Pleistocene), Equus Cave (Unit 2B) (Late Pleistocene)

Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 2) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 4) (Late Pleistocene), Punta Lucero Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Venta Micena 4-I (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (La Mina 2) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 4) (Early Pleistocene), Can Roqueta II (Holocene), Barranco Léon (Early Pleistocene), Gran Dolina (TD6.3) (Early Pleistocene), La Puebla de Valverde (Early Pleistocene), Villarroya 88-89 (Late Pliocene)

Sudan: Gala Abu Ahmed (Holocene)

Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)

Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa (Holocene), Zita Area III, Square I (Pre-Roman period) (Holocene)

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Calta (Early Pliocene), Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure D) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level VI) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene), Direkli Cave (Holocene)

Ukraine: Prolom II (Late Pleistocene), Mirnoe (Holocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4 (Late Pleistocene), Maidanetske (2013 season) (Holocene)

United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD) (Holocene), Luluyyah Fort (Holocene)

United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry (Late Pleistocene)

United States: Memphis, Richlands, Boulder County, North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Dalton Highway, The Wilds, Zesch Cave (Late Pleistocene), Crystal Ball Cave (Late Pleistocene), OMNH locality VI03 (Late Pleistocene), Haystack Cave (upper levels) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Haystack Cave (lower levels) (Late Pleistocene), Golf Course (Late Pleistocene), Harrodsburg Crevice (Late Pleistocene), Bat Cave (Late Pleistocene), Dust Cave (Zones T and U) (Holocene), Spring Creek (Holocene), Hulme Site (Holocene), McIntosh (Holocene), Mosquito Willie (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (interior) (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1) (Holocene), Guard (Holocene), Pine Hill (Holocene), Meyer Cave (Holocene), Bootlegger Sink (Pleistocene - Holocene), Sunshine Locality (Unit E) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer C1) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Natural Chimneys (Late Pleistocene), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (logs, feature), Bogue Chitto Creek (Late Pleistocene), West of US 287, Mojave Desert, Marmes Rockshelter (Harrison horizon) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Marmes Rockshelter (A6-16 horizon) (Late Pleistocene)

Uzbekistan: Kyzyltepa (Holocene)

Yemen: Hawf

See also Vulpes alopecoides, Vulpes bengalensis, Vulpes cana, Vulpes chama, Vulpes corsac, Vulpes ferrilata, Vulpes galaticus, Vulpes lagopus, Vulpes macrotis, Vulpes rueppellii, Vulpes sp., Vulpes velox, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes zerda